![]() ![]() This reflects how heightened levels of anxiety can inhibit recruitment of PFC in the context of anxiety-inducing stimuli. Thus, lesser and slower recruitment of cognitive control networks in SAD is related to less successful cognitive down-regulation of limbic responses. Neuroimaging studies have found that, compared with healthy controls, individuals with SAD generate lesser brain responses in cognitive control (DLPFC and DMPFC) and attention (medial precuneus, posterior cingulate, and bilateral dorsal parietal cortex) brain networks during reappraisal of harsh facial expressions ( Goldin, Manber, Hakimi, Canli, & Gross, 2009), as well as temporally delayed prefrontal cortex activation (DMPFC, bilateral DLPFC, and bilateral VLPFC) and less PFC-amygdala inverse functional connectivity when reappraising self-generated negative self-beliefs ( Goldin, Manber-Ball, et al., 2009). Behavioral studies have observed that compared to controls, individuals with SAD report lesser “reappraisal self-efficacy” when challenged to give a speech or recall autobiographical social anxiety situations ( Werner et al., 2011). Using a variety of methods, research studies have demonstrated that, compared to healthy controls, individuals with SAD are less successful using reappraisal to reduce anxiety responses. Difficulty reappraising emotions is considered a core mechanism in individuals with anxiety and mood disorders ( Campbell-Sills & Barlow, 2007). Reappraisal can modify emotional reactions to stressful, anxiety-provoking situations and can lead to psychological flexibility and emotional well-being ( Gross & Thompson, 2007). Cognitive reappraisal, a primary form of cognitive change, entails using cognitive and linguistic processes to reframe or reinterpret the meaning of a stimulus or situation in order to up- or down-regulate the emotions. This emotion regulation strategy involves using cognitive skills (e.g., perspective-taking, challenging interpretations, reframing the meaning of situations) to modify the meaning of a stimulus or situation that gives rise to emotional reactivity. Gross, in Social Anxiety (Third Edition), 2014 Cognitive Change ![]()
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